2025, Vol. 5, Issue 2, Part D

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in law enforcement has transformed policing by enhancing predictive capabilities, surveillance efficiency, and investigative accuracy. AI technologies, including predictive policing algorithms, facial recognition systems, and automated risk assessment tools, enable law enforcement agencies to detect and respond to crime more swiftly. However, the deployment of AI introduces a profound ethical paradox: the tension between operational efficiency and the protection of civil liberties. While AI can optimize resource allocation and improve public safety, it also raises concerns regarding privacy infringement, algorithmic bias, discrimination, and lack of accountability. This research paper critically examines the evolution of AI in policing, highlighting the legal, ethical, and governance challenges associated with its use. Comparative case studies from the United States, European Union, China, Singapore, and India provide insights into global practices, illustrating diverse approaches to regulation, human oversight, and ethical safeguards. The study emphasizes the importance of human-in-the-loop frameworks, transparent and explainable AI, and robust accountability mechanisms to mitigate the risks of autonomous decision-making. Policy and governance recommendations focus on strengthening legal frameworks, developing ethical guidelines, enhancing public trust, and building technical and human capacity within law enforcement. By exploring the intersection of technology, ethics, and law, this paper underscores the necessity of a balanced approach that reconciles the benefits of AI with the protection of fundamental rights. The findings highlight that responsible AI deployment in law enforcement requires multi-dimensional strategies encompassing regulatory compliance, ethical design, human supervision, and continuous monitoring. Ultimately, the research advocates for a framework in which AI serves as a supportive tool for justice, enhancing law enforcement efficiency without compromising civil liberties or social equity.